The Contribution of Functionalist Sociology to an...

The Contribution of Functionalist Sociology to an Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Functionalists have constructed two questions to help them research education. The first question is. What are the functions of education for society as a whole? and the second question is. What are the functional relationships between the education system and other parts of the social system. Firstly, Functionalism is a theory. A theory based on â€Å"value consensus†. Functionalism is based on the view that society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus (an agreement amongst society’s members about what values are important). Functionalist†¦show more content†¦Durkhiem stated that school serves a function in a complex industrial society that the family or peer group cant. Children are taught to get along with those who are neither their kin nor friend. Durkhiem saw schools as society in miniature. Durkhiem also argued that school rules should be enforced and punishment which should reflect the seriousness of the damage done to the social group and should be made clear why they were being punished. Durkhiem also explained that education teaches individuals specific tasks, which are necessary for their future jobs. David Hargreaves supported Durkhiem view by saying that schools place too much stress on the developing the individuals and not enough on the duties and responsibilities for social solidarity. Hargreaves also noted that schools fail to produce a sense of dignity for working class pupils and therefore fail and may form subcultures, which rejects the values of the school. Hargreaves proposed three solutions to the national curriculum. One was for students to follow a field of study where they have a special interest or ability. Another view is there should be compulsory parts of the curriculum, which will help pupils to have a clear view of their role in society.Show MoreRelatedThe Contribution of Functionalist Sociology to an Understanding of the Role of Education in Society1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Contribution of Functionalist Sociology to an Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Works Cited Missing Schools serve a function in a complex industrial society that family and peer groups cannot ( Durkheim,1956) Education is important in society. The structure and processes of education systems are related to the general process of socialisation. All sociologists agree with this, but sociologists have many different views about how societies are structuredRead MoreThe Impact of Sociological Theories in Education1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Sociological Theories in Education Crystal Taylor-Johnson SOC101: Introduction to Sociology Professor Christine Henderson November 22, 2010 Education is the most important part of a person’s life. Without a good education people would struggle in everyday life just to be able to get by. There are three theories that help understand education. Even though most people feel theories are just someone’s opinions, education has many different theories that support it because these theoriesRead MoreThe Classroom : The Dynamics Of The Hidden Curriculum, By Henry Giroux And Anthony Penna1951 Words   |  8 PagesIn the article â€Å"Social Education in the Classroom: The Dynamics of the Hidden Curriculum,† Henry Giroux and Anthony Penna discuss three approaches to educational theory that have helped to illuminate the socializing role of schools and the meaning and structure of the hidden curriculum. In this article those three theories are labeled structional-functional view, phenomenological view, and radical critical view (often associated with the neo-Marxist analysis of educational theory and practice). EachRead MoreThe Biopsychosocial Model Of Health1824 Words   |  8 Pageswithin health and illness the mind and body cannot be classed as two separate matters because both influence a person’s state of health. The biomedical model of medicine was introduced in the nineteen century. It adopts a scientific approach in understanding health and illness (disease).The biological model indicates that social and psychological processes are vastly unrelated to the development of diseases or illness. That is, it describes illness in terms of a biological malfunction and not psychologicalRead MoreEvery sociological perspective has its limitations. However some are more useful than understanding society. Assess this view. (40 Marks)1087 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscipline of sociology. Functionalism is a structural theory they argue that society is made up of interrelated and interdependent institutions such as education, work, religion, law, the family etc. The main function of these institutions is to maintain social equilibrium. They see society similar to a human body with all the internal parts working together to bring out equilibrium. Functionalists see individual action as the product of social institutions such as the family and education socializingRead MoreA Study Of The Development, Structure, And Functioning Of Human Society909 Words   |  4 PagesAlain Dumas Professor Mackinnon Sociology 111 December 9, 2015 Sociology is the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. In other words, it is the study of social problems. We study sociology today â€Å"to see a larger social context of the lives we are living, and in this way give both understanding and meaning to personal experiences† (Personal Experiences and Public Issues). C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist, coined the term sociological imagination. HavingRead MoreEssay on Sociological Perspectives to Understand Society2017 Words   |  9 PagesEXPLAIN HOW SOCIOLOGISTS ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND SOCIETY. The main aim of sociology is to seek an understanding or explanation as to how society functions or operates. There are numerous sociological theories, some dating back as early as the 19th century, these include Structural and Marxist Functionalism and Social Action theories. Throughout the years these perspectives have gradually been modernised due to the changes that have occurred in society. In this assignment I shall be looking at the keyRead MoreMarxism And Functionalism : Society And Sport Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesFunctionalism through society and sport, highlighting the benefits and problems. Both, Marxism and Functionalism are sets of ideas trying to provide an explanation for human society and how it operates. Marxism and Functionalism are both related to a structural view of sociology. That is according to Giddens observable patterns of behavior within a society that shapes the individual due to so many different influences on a person’s daily social interaction. The structural view of society belongs to theRead More Sociology of Racial and Cultural Groups Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesperspectives offer theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, taking into account the social factors that impact on human behavior. However, different theories, ideas, and prejudices can influence a sociologists conclusions. Each of these theories has a contribution to make with a distinct focus. Functional theory was influenced by Emile Durkheim. Adherents of this theory emphasize, Various parts of society have functions or positive effects that promote solidarityRead MoreMajor Theoretical Sociological Perspectives: Similarities and Differences2432 Words   |  10 PagesMajor Theoretical Sociological Perspectives: Similarities and Differences Sociology: the scientific study of the development, structure and functioning of human society (Oxford). When the topic of discussion is sociology, Auguste Comte, the â€Å"father of positivism† would come to mind, as it was he who first coined the term â€Å"sociology† (Kreis, 2009). Comte also emphasized that the study of society must be scientific and he pushed sociologists to employ the use of qualitative methods such as observation

Analysis Of Walt Whitman s I Hear America Poem - 1314 Words

If I’m to be honest, this school year has been very enjoyable, much more than any of my previous classes. We’ve gone through so much as a class, had many assignments along the way–some that I enjoyed, while others not so much. We rewrote the Declaration of Independence, Walt Whitman s I Hear America poem, and argumentative essays, like out The Raven analysis. We also gave speeches– that was the hardest for me, in my previous English classes, none of them made me go in front of the class and present–, made infograph, and even a multigenre project. We also can’t forget the books we’ve read in class, like poems from Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe, and novels from F. Scott Fitzgerald, and we can’t forget novella like Of Mice and Men or short stories that we read in our English textbook. All of these things have tested my ability to better improve myself or inform me on where I struggle with so I can improve in many c ategories such as being a speaker, reader, writer, and listener. The presentations we’ve done have improved my position as a speaker and listener. As I said before, my previous English classes never had me present. The only presentation I ever did in my previous years in Anaheim High School were in my single semester computer course. Other than that, none of the classes that I remember having made me present in any shape way or form that’s why the presentation have really improved my skills as a speaker. The first time we had to create aShow MoreRelatedComparison of Whitman and Dickenson Poems856 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica experienced profound changes during the mid 1800 s. New technologies and ideas helped the nation grow, while the Civil War ripped the nation apart. During this tumultuous period, two great American writers captured their ideas in poetry. Their poems give us insight into the time period, as well as universal insight about life. Although polar opposites in personality, Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman created simi lar poetry. Dickinson s Hope is a Thing with Feathers and Whitman s O CaptainRead More Whitmans O Captain! My Captain! And Dickinsons Hope is a Thing with Feathers860 Words   |  4 PagesDickinsons Hope is a Thing with Feathers America experienced profound changes during the mid 1800’s. New technologies and ideas helped the nation grow, while the Civil War ripped the nation apart. During this tumultuous period, two great American writers captured their ideas in poetry. Their poems give us insight into the time period, as well as universal insight about life. Although polar opposites in personality, Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman created similar poetry. Dickinson’s â€Å"Hope isRead MoreAnalysis and Interpretation of I, Too Sing America by Langston Hughes1148 Words   |  5 PagesPoem I, Too Sing America is considered to be very characteristic for radical poetry of Langston Hughes. The majority of literary critiques and historians refer to Hughes as one of the first American poets, who set the standards and examples how to challenge the post-World War I ethnic nationalism. His poetry contributed and shaped to some extent the politics of the Harlem Renaissance. In analysis of Black poetry Charles S. Johnson wrote that the new racial poetry of the Negro is the expressionRead MoreSocialist Feminist Criticism1164 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition, the exploration of the genre can, at times, be the most intriguing feature of the criticism itself. While feminism has undoubtedly changed the way women and gender roles are considered in society today, it has also had an impact on the way that I, too, read literature, look at American culture, and view the world. Walter Ong suggests that ‘literature itself is the product ofÂâ€"or completely wound up and ‘imbricated inÂâ€"the social contexts out of which it grows (CLC 461). The social contexts

Collision Course free essay sample

As a fan of Jay-Z and Linkin Park, the only thing that came to mind when I heard that these two artists were going to collaborate was When can I buy the CD? My excitement was, in fact, warranted as this is the nastiest CD I have heard in a long time. The concept behind â€Å"Collision Course† is quite innovative. What you have is a rap legend mixing his vocals and sounds with one of rocks hottest acts. The product shows their combined talent. I was skeptical after the first listen, but it grew on me and the sounds of the â€Å"jigga man† laying down verses over LPs screaming guitar choruses are incredible. At any given time, one of the artists music will play while the other sings/raps over it. On occasion you actually hear the original song, while it all flows together. An added highlight is the DVD that comes with it showing the entire recording process, plus a performance of all six songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Collision Course or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I actually enjoy the DVD more than the CD. The stars chemistry is incredible on stage, as LP may be the perfect yin to Jay-Zs yang. LPs innovative rap/rock style complements Jay-Zs feel-good beats and intense lyrics. If there is any downside, its that this CD is so short. The six songs are only 30 minutes. Overall, Id say this collaboration is a huge success and both artists fans should be pleased with the results.

Cyber

Cyber-Crime is a Serious Problem Essay Millions of people around the world use computers and the internet every day. We all use it in school, work even at home, computers have made us life easier, it has brought so many benefits to the society but it has also brought some problems and cybercrimes is one of them. â€Å"The times have really changed,† said Greg Garcia, the department’s assistant secretary for cyber security and communications. â€Å"We’re seeing now phishing, farming, botnets †¦ war dialing and domain server spoofing. And we’re seeing coordinated cyber-attacks against nation states.† (Fowler 5) Cybercrime is one of the most prevalent and most popular rising crimes being committed today. This is criminal activity done using computers and the Internet. There are millions victims around the world everyday who face these problems. Most people become victims of these at one time or another, but there are ways to avoid or deal with cybercrime by protecting yourself appropri ately. I also was one of those victims who faced a similar problem. This unfortunate truth forces me to understand that computers and the Internet have made our lives easier in many ways. However, it is unfortunate that people also use these technologies to take advantage of others through identity theft, hacking attempts, and malicious use of software. To be able to understand cybercrimes we need to know where it started. It all started with the birth of the internet. In the late 1960s, one of the authors (HMD) was a graduate student at MIT. His research at MIT’s project MAC (now the Laboratory for computer – the home of the World Wide Web Consortium) was funded by APRA – the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense. Later on APRA proceeded to implement the APRANET, which eventually developed into today’s Internet. At the beginning Internet was limited to universities and research institutions later time the military began using the Internet. Eventually, the government decided to allow access to the Internet for commercial purposes; however it doesn’t stop there businesses rapidly realized that Internet can boost up their business where they provide better services for their clients. The result is that bandwidth on the Internet has increased tremendously and costs have decrea sed significantly. Now days we can’t imagine life without Internet because it makes our daily work easier. According to P.J. Deitel and H.M. Deitel â€Å"The Internet and the web are surely among humankind’s most profound creations† (Deitel 11). As the Internet increased access to increasing numbers of systems worldwide, criminals used unauthorized access to poorly protected systems for vandalism, political action and financial gain (Internet World Wide Web : How to Program). Identity theft via cybercrime is one of the fastest growing crimes in America, costing billions of dollars each year. Identity theft is a form of theft in which the targets are bank accounts, credit cards, debit cards, social security numbers and information that is linked to a persons identity. Identity theft is the worst of the cybercrimes against individuals. Moreover, it is not just a person who has high credit score need to be worry about it. According to Federal Trade Commission estimates (FTC) â€Å"more than four hundred thousand children have their identity stolen every year† (17). People who involved these kinds of cybercriminals they often obtain access to their birth certificates and run up debts in their names. The victims normally do not know anything about it until they denied for employment, student loans, or find themselves unable to get driver licenses because somebody already using their social security number. Sometimes even those innocent people get arrest ed for those crimes which they never committed. The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) has over 1,600 active investigations which are somehow related with identity theft. According to FBI, they opened 1,081 investigations related to identity theft in 2003, and 889 in 2004. Some of these cases are still pending to solve. I am already a victim of identity theft. I moved here in 2005 from Canada. I went to buy a car in 2007, and they told me need to run my credit history before they can approve me for car loans. I never obtain my credit history before that, so I never know what is in my record. According to loan officers after run my credit history they found out I have one collection accounts on my record. I was really surprised and stunned what they are talking about I have no idea at all. They explained to me a debt collection is one of the worst entries on your credit report. Later, they found more information about this account and it was Visa credit card account from Bloomingdales and it was surprised me when they told me somebody opened this account in 2004. I was not even here around that time. After long investigation I found out somebody might be still my identity from Canada and they used it in USA. After long investigation they remove it from my credit report finally in 2006. It took almost one year to remove all those from my record and it’s disappointed me a lot. Before this incident occurred I heard about identity theft but never realized that I have to such a big price one day in my life. I learned important many important lessons through this whole process. I have found that in identity theft cases the burden of proving innocence rests on the shoulders of the victim. Athens And Sparta: Similarities And Differences EssayThe Internet has brought enormous changes and benefits to the way organizations can do business and interact with other businesses, people, and government authorities. Each of us is confronted with cyber technologies every day in our life. It can be iPhone, GPS for driving direction or a computer. Those technologies have opened up opportunities that would be unthinkable without those. While progress has brought about many good things, the ease and accessibility of the Internet has also brought with it some concerning and serious disadvantages. Many of those disadvantages directly affect our children, our privacy, our Identity, and even threat to our nation. According to Cyber-crime people can commit a crime in the US while people sit comfortably in their apartment in China. However, Cyber-crime is only important to a few people, but I believe it should be important to everyone. If we become aware of the dangers of being online, t he dangers will slowly disappear. If everyone watches out for viruses, they will not spread nearly as far or fast as they currently do. We don’t want to all those benefits which I mentioned earlier come risks. Therefore, this is time to work everybody together to prevent this problem. Works Cited Bainwol, Mitch, and Cary Sherman. â€Å"A Crackdown on Student Internet Copyright Infringers Is Necessary.† Cyber Crime. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2009.166-172. Print. â€Å"Cyber Insecurity: Viruses, Spam, and Spyware.† Consumer Reports. Sep. 2006: 20-24. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 3rd February 2011. Deitel, P.J., and H. M. Deitel. Internet World Wide Web How to Program: Fourth Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2008. Print. Garcia, Andrew. â€Å"Browsers: The New Threat Landscape† Internet Safety. Ed. Richard Joseph Stein. New York, NY: H. W. Wilson Company, 2008. 11-13. Print. Lenard, Thomas I. â€Å"Identity Theft Is a Declining Problem.† Cyber Crime. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2009. 26-34. Print. Swecker, Chris. â€Å"Identity Theft Is a Serious Problem.† Cyber Crime. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. Farming Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2009. 21-25. Print. Schneir, Bruce. â€Å"Weak Federal Disclosure Laws Will Not Protect Consumers.† Cyber Crime. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2009. 150-155. Print.

Global Warming Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation

Global warming is the average increase in the atmospheric temperature caused by natural and human causes. It results from increased greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2006). Emission in the atmosphere can be reduced by a decrease of fossil fuel consumption.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, reduction in fossil fuel consumption leads to a reduction of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. Moreover, reduction of these gases keeps the effects of climate change within manageable levels. The adoption of efficient energy can also be used to mitigate global warming. Motivations to improve energy efficiency involve sustainable energy use. Advantages of improving energy efficiency include reducing energy costs, which results in financial cost saving through the implementation of energy efficient technol ogies. In addition, the use of efficient energy methods also leads to a reduction and control of global emission and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Efficient energy and renewable energy are two crucial pillars of sustainable energy policy. Increased use of efficient energy plays a crucial role in productivity growth (IPCC, 2006). Renewable energy sources are particularly essential in providing energy access, as well as a reduction in green house gas emission in the atmosphere. Therefore, renewable energy helps in enhancing energy security. It is also helpful in accelerating economic growth and development. Another cause of global warming is deforestation. According to Hassenzahl (2008), trees use of 50% of carbon in the atmosphere. When they are cut down, the carbon dioxide that is stored in them escapes back into the atmosphere leading to increased concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere. Reduction of deforestation leads to a reduction in carbon-d ioxide concentration in the atmosphere, thus reducing global warming. Sustainable agriculture, which makes use of organic carbon, has been advocated by IPCC as an important option in reducing global warming. It also minimizes transportation cost of fossil fuels leading to reduction in green house gas emission (Hassenzahl, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Population growth leads to multiple environmental problems. It has led to the clearance of rainforests hence, leading to green house gas emissions. Reduction in population growth leads to a reduction in use of fossil fuel and reduced deforestation rate. In addition, it leads to a reduction in the consumption levels, thus minimizing devastating effects on the environment. All these measures contribute to sustainable development and leads to a wise use of natural resources (Hassenzahl, 2008). Households air pollution c ome from petrochemicals, coal and wood products, tobacco products, building equipments and furnishings, asbestos having insulations, furniture, and household cleaning products, humidification devices, pesticides and insecticides. Health problems associated with indoor air pollution includes; respiratory health diseases, cancer, respiratory track diseases among infants, suffocation, and death. However, there are topographical factors that can lead to an increase or a decrease in air pollution. For example, mountains and hills can block wind flow and trap pollutants in the atmosphere for several days. On the other hand, mountains and hills can block the sun’s rays and assist in the dispersal of air pollutants. Earths’ sustainable agriculture is a farming system that can meet the needs of society indefinitely (Hassenzahl, 2008). Such farming systems ensure conservation of resources, and; therefore, governments should provide incentives to farmers to adapt this technology. This can be achieved by phasing out tax breaks and subsidies to encourage farmers to switch to sustainable farming. In addition, imposition of higher taxes and reduction of subsidies can discourage farmers from using unsustainable farming practices. References Hassenzahl, M. D. (2008). Environment. New York: Wiley and Sons IPCC., (2006). Climate Change. Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change:Â  Scientific technical analysis, contribution of working group II to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva. Switzerland. This essay on Global Warming: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation was written and submitted by user Jared Gallagher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on AIR-21

The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) Signed: April 5th, 2000 by Pres. George Clinton Preface "Without prompt action, the United States’ aviation system is headed toward gridlock shortly after the turn of the century. If this gridlock is allowed to happen, it will result in a deterioration of aviation safety, harm the efficiency and growth of our domestic economy, and hurt our position in the global marketplace. Lives may be endangered; the profitability and strength of the aviation sector could disappear; and jobs and business opportunities far beyond aviation could be foregone." - The National Civil Aviation Review Commission, Report to Congress, December 1997 Introduction The United States of America was facing the daunting task on how to address the issues facing our National Aviation System. The US Government passed The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) on April 5th, 2000. AIR 21 was intended to help address a lot of the issues facing out national aviation system by having measures to insure Safety in both our airports and skies, measures to help increase competition into the airline industry, and by having measure that ensure that money spent by our taxpayers toward the Aviation Trust Fund is spent towards the development off affordable and safe air travel. What is AIR 21? Entitled the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century or AIR 21, was intended to significantly increase funding to the nation's aviation over the next three years. Funding would be going to radar modernization and much-needed airport construction projects. AIR 21: QA comprehensive five-year reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Airport Improvement Program (AIP). QAuthorizes over $59.3 billion, an increase of $14.3 billion. QIncrementally boosted the Airport Improvement Program from $1.95 billion to $4.3 billio... Free Essays on AIR-21 Free Essays on AIR-21 The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) Signed: April 5th, 2000 by Pres. George Clinton Preface "Without prompt action, the United States’ aviation system is headed toward gridlock shortly after the turn of the century. If this gridlock is allowed to happen, it will result in a deterioration of aviation safety, harm the efficiency and growth of our domestic economy, and hurt our position in the global marketplace. Lives may be endangered; the profitability and strength of the aviation sector could disappear; and jobs and business opportunities far beyond aviation could be foregone." - The National Civil Aviation Review Commission, Report to Congress, December 1997 Introduction The United States of America was facing the daunting task on how to address the issues facing our National Aviation System. The US Government passed The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) on April 5th, 2000. AIR 21 was intended to help address a lot of the issues facing out national aviation system by having measures to insure Safety in both our airports and skies, measures to help increase competition into the airline industry, and by having measure that ensure that money spent by our taxpayers toward the Aviation Trust Fund is spent towards the development off affordable and safe air travel. What is AIR 21? Entitled the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century or AIR 21, was intended to significantly increase funding to the nation's aviation over the next three years. Funding would be going to radar modernization and much-needed airport construction projects. AIR 21: Q A comprehensive five-year reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Airport Improvement Program (AIP). Q Authorizes over $59.3 billion, an increase of $14.3 billion. Q Incrementally boosted the Airport Improvement Program from $1.95 billion to $4.3 billio...

Sexual harassment in working place Research Paper

Sexual harassment in working place - Research Paper Example Behavior of a perpetrator is still unwelcome even if it is intended in good spirit. Regardless of the behavior of the perpetrator, it is the feeling of the victim about the behavior that becomes relevant. The victim does not have to express her/his displeasure to the perpetrator. It is sufficient if the victim does not reciprocate by returning the behavior, not laughing at the jokes or show resentment, turn away or begin avoiding the offender. It is the body language of the victim that matters. Even if there is no expression, behavior is unwelcome to satisfy the test. Thus, the 'A' element is entirely subjective on the part of the complainant. Though the complainant may appear to be very sensitive, one should not substitute one’s judgment for the victim’s judgment. It should be only examined whether the victim genuinely felt the perpetrator’s behavior as unwelcome. The complainant might have encountered similar behavior from others but singled out a particular pe rson s behavior as unacceptable or unwelcome. In legal sense, it is certainly perfect to disapprove of certain conduct of certain people. A woman ‘s complaint can be valid if she finds a new colleague’s dirty joke offensive though she might have told the same joke to another colleague she knows for a long time. In quid pro quo complaints, the complainant might have made the behavior welcome and later claim that such relationship was not resisted in order not to lose her/his job. Employers must take care to keep a confidential note of the time and date and admissions of the two opposite sexes’ relationship with each other so that it can be handy if either party turns hostile later. The management is liable for its supervisor’s sexual harassment of a subordinate even if the management has condoned the supervisor’s sexual harassment and has a written policy to that effect. In California, an employer can avoid liability if the complainant could have avo ided such situations without undue risk, expense or humiliation. Under federal law, employers may claim affirmative defense in case of supervisors engaging in sexual harassment without favoring the victim. It is an absolute defense available to employers under federal law but there should be available the elements of avoidable consequence doctrine. They are 1) the employer has already taken steps to prevent and correct sexual harassment at workplace. 2) the employee without reason failed to make use of the preventive and corrective measures. 3) The measures would have prevented the harm had the complainant made reasonable use of them (Whittenbury). USA Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibits sexual discrimination that includes sexual harassment among other forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, pregnancy and national origin at workplace or work-related matters. All private establishments, state and local governments and educational institutions employi ng fifteen or more individuals for twenty or more weeks per year come under the purview of this Act. The others include private and public employment agencies, labor organizations, joint labor-management committees, U.S. companies outside the U.S. employing U.S. citizens (Bell). Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law. In California, there is a state level act namely Fair Employment and Housing Act that primarily prohibits sexual harassmen

Group project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group project - Essay Example While Gamefly offers both purchasing and renting service on subscription basis for video games for every gaming console there is. Apart from this gamefly also own a series of websites provide detailed information on video games and Kongregate.com is one of the closely associated companies. Also Joltonline is another key company.Warner Bros, Wea Corp for the release of Transformers 3. Apart from that it is working with Virgin corp are in a partnership to power online video games competition. Sequoia Capital are termed as Entrepreneurs behind entrepreneurs are one of the major investors. Other is Tenaya capital the other major investor. Partnerships with Del taco and Six flags theme park for summer long promotions. Apart from that Bawls a non alcoholic carbonated beverage had also partnered with Gamefly. Gamestop wants to portray the image that the company prefers customer satisfaction at the most, they intend to make the experience at their outlets a wonderful experience for each and every customer that visits them irrespective of the age bracket they belong too. Gamefly on the other hands wants their customer to save their hard earned money and spend in wisely while spending it on something which is expensive at the most apart from it being short lived if the wrong choice is made. So they want to offer their customer an opportunity to minimize spending on the wrong choice they made and provide them with new

Construction law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction law - Essay Example Construction projects could clearly be said to be the result of co-ordinated efforts between promoters, project managers, consultants, architects, planners and workforce (own and/or contracted) who actually carry out the construction work at the site. Thus, when considering the construction industry in its entirety, the need for demand creation is vested with groups of individuals who could create more value for organisations than individuals working in isolation. â€Å"But by freely indulging in exchange, that is with no coercion, each member would be better off or at least no worse off than by being in isolation. The group as a whole would be better off; value is created.† (Sen n.d). However, construction activities also envisage time and cost factors. Unjustified delays may cause budgetary constraints which could be avoided if planning and organization of joint projects were carried out meticulously and diligently. â€Å"It was concluded that this approach offers a number of benefits for the client, the main contractor, partnering subcontractors and professional consultants, such as, lower costs, improved team approach and less confrontation.†(Humphreys, Matthews & Kumaraswamy 2003, pp.166-178). non-actions. However, much would depend upon the ensuing covenant and the terms and conditions of employment. Just as there are legal differentiations between contractors and employees, so also there are surrounding differences between the rights, liabilities and privileges of contractors, sub contractors and others along the line. Though much about contracting is gained from the UK Contract Act and ancillary laws, local laws and practices are also of major import, especially in the event of disputes. Often the demarcation of where the responsibilities of the main contractor ends and that of the sub contractors begin could be

Project Life Cycle in Construction

Project Life Cycle in Construction The project is broken into phases, and then into control points that are relevant to the particular development. This gives management an organized structure to the overall development. Cooperatively, the project phases are known as the project life cycle. These are sequential. Phases and control points are agreed by management. Due to the complex nature of the office block phase will overlap the concurrent phase. This method will also fast track the project. Overlapping phases can save time and cost however the risk of discrepancies is increased due to progression without accurate information being available from the previous phase. The first phase initiates the project by establishing a need for the office spaces. A P.E.S.T analysis is generated to determine the objective. Perth has seen a significant growth in the number of National and Regional headquarters servicing the Mining, Resource and Oil and Gas sectors. It has been reported that a further 250,000 offices are required in Perth by 2014. F, Murphy. (2011). P.E.S.T. Analysis A PEST analysis was created for this project and the following information was recovered. (P)olitical Political is the factors that influence the project. These can be government, economic or even other business. Political factors represent policies such as taxes and environmental. The current rate of GST in Australia is 10%. J, Scully. (2012). this is added on to all purchases. Due to the client being a mining company a 30 per cent mining levy will also be charged, which was introduced in March 2012 for companies who have profits above $75 million. (E)conomic Economic refers to areas unique to economy and directly influenced by economy or comprised by economy, areas such as inflation rate and interest rate. With inflation rate reaching 1.5% in June 2012. P,Flynn. (2012). If the Inflation rate changes it would cause a dramatic impact on the development cost and profit margin. If an increase in the cost of capital and materials/labour rose then the break-even rate from this project would change. The cost of labour and materials could raise enough to deem the project unsuccessful, an increase in the cost of capital would significantly increase the cost of the project. All these areas can greatly influence the development, making them of high importance within the PEST analysis. (S)ocial Perth city is undergoing going a shortage of office space due to the growth in the mining industry. Many companies are expanding and require larger office while on the other hand many businesses are being created. The development has had a large increase in population over the last 10 years. (CSO 2011) this is mostly because of the mining boom, people started to relocate into Perth. 5.2 Organizing and preparing Once it has been proven that the project is viable the design and development phase commences. This involves outlining the build-method and developing detailed schedules and plans for making or implementing the product. Feasibility study and cash flow forecast are generated as part of this section. Feasibility study A company maybe trading successfully but if it does not have money to pay bills and wages then the company fails. Cash flow throughout the refurbishment of the office block will be an on-going requirement. For the business to succeed it needs efficient funds at all times. A profitable organisation can become bankrupt if they do not have enough cash to pay day to day bills. Factors such as expanded too ambitiously, or not receiving payment from debtors can cause this. To prevent from occurring a developers budget will be developed. 5.3 Carrying out project work This phase will implement the project as per the scope of work and design drawings. The Longest sequence of activities in the project will have to be completed on time to insure project is not delayed. A Critical path shows this and makes it possible to control all phases of the project. 5.4 Closing the project: The final phase of the development is closure. This confirms the development has been built to the design specification. There are various testing and procedures to be implemented these include inspections and any remedial work that may result from the inspections. In addition a checklist which includes certifications and approvals is signed off, finally a set of as built drawings are handed over before contractor receives final payment. Commission check list will be given to the contractor and all components will be checked and approved by superintendent before hand over to client. Commissioning of all equipment is undertaken and any faults are amended before all reports are handed over to the client. All Licences, certifications and registrations that are necessary by Australian Workplace Standards, shall be provided prior to the client accepting the project. A Defect liability period (DLP) of six months shall be in place and confirmed by the Australian Workplace standards. Adequate training sessions are held to educate the line managers in each sector. As-constructed or as-removed information must be submitted, prior to the project handover meeting. Executive control points are used in the development, this act like check points allowing progression on executive approval. These reinforce the construction manager on decisions to progress on the project. As the project proceeds through its lifecycle, the clients financial commitment and liabilities increase. At each control point a full management review is undergone this provides assurance that the development can progress to the next phase. It is determined that it costs about 10 times as much to implement a change during construction. This information gives the manager a level of control over the profile and timing of the project. The construction manager can therefore ensure that their project can be customized with minimum delay to the overall project. Equally, these formal approvals supply the project manager with the ability to drive the development to closure. It also provides guidance . The most significant control point in the project is the conclusion of the development phase. This symbolises the projects progression from feasibility to implementation. Feasibility studies provide this information. This information is document into a Project Brief. This gives the client an over view of what to expect. The project life cycle is subdivides the development into manageable project phases, in turn then are then subdivided into an input, process and output format. The following table shows the different components of the project lifecycle Control Points Each Phase is aligned one or more specific objectives for monitoring the project. These phases are all related the principal phase; the names are typically taken from their input into the development. Milestone and hold-points are created these provide focal point for the project team and impose control. These will close control of the interaction between activates to ensure full and proper integration and to minimize conflicts or misunderstandings. The contraction Phase is the most critical and every effort will be made to ensure all milestones are met. Close management is required to ensure delays are addressed. There are five control points that are key to the success of any project. Effective project management: make sure the safety, cost and schedules are implemented in the plan. Management staff is to understand and follow the projects critical path. Critical milestones play a significant part in sustaining an effective development. Cost management: The most effective approach is to develop a cost management function which focuses on all purchases. Budget control and expenditure tracking will be the most important. Supplier performance management: A QA (quality assurance) will reduce risk and improve the overall project. This improves third party performance which improves relationship with stakeholders. Healthy stage gates: develop a holistic capital project program with a control point for evaluating progress and enabling informed decisions about next steps. In addition to minimizing rework on front-end engineering and design, improve cycle time and generating punch lists for handoff maintenance, this discipline makes the project move more effectively. Early involvement is essential Risk assessment and reduction: To ensure the project is completed to a high standard cost controls and quality controls are implemented. This is completed on a day to day basic. Life cycle structure normally follows the following stages: Cost and staff requirements are high at the intervill of the project and slowly decrease as the project draws to a close. Figure 3 illustrates this. Stakeholder influences, risk and uncertainty are greatest at the start of the project. These decrease over the life of the project. Within the context of the generic life cycle structure, a project manager has the option to increase control over certain deliverables if required. More intricate projects may require additional level of control. In such instance, the work carried out to complete the projects objective ay benefit from being formally divided into phase.

Health Benefits of the South Beach Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Health Benefits of the South Beach Diet By promoting only healthy foods and in limited amounts, the South Beach diet proves to be an effective and safe path to weight loss. South Beach permits foods which are high in fiber and low in saturated fat such as whole grain rice, salmon and nuts. The diet does not exclude any particular class of food, fats or carbohydrates for example, but insists that foods high in cholesterol, such as bacon, be avoided. Yet, this is not the only restriction of the diet. South Beach also limits the amount of food consumed each day to 1,500 calories. Based on an average daily intake of 2,000 calories, South Beach ensures weight loss by simply decreasing the overall amount of food (â€Å"2,000 Calories a Day†). In restricting both unhealthy foods and calorie intake, the South Beach diet proves beneficial to one’s health. The foods which South Beach allows promote health, not necessarily weight loss. The diet emphasizes the intake of all healthy foods, some of which can actually lead to weight gain. Carbohydrates, for example, are stored in the body for long periods of time as their complex sugars are difficult to break down. Since they are not quickly processed, they turn to fat. Some carbohydrates; however, such as wheat pasta and multigrain bread, are still encouraged as they contain nutrients which help prevent illness such as heart disease. Phytochemicals, also found in carbs, have been proven to help prevent cancer (â€Å"Atkins vs. South Beach†). In addition to allowing these essential carbs, South Beach restricts foods high in saturated fat. Saturated fats are those which are soaked in fried oils, like bacon. These foods that contain this unhealthy type of fat can clog arteries which... ...s in choosing foods beneficial to one’s health as well. The two South Beach limits of quantity and quality work hand in hand towards healthiness. The restrictions of what foods are allowed ensure the consumption of nutrients needed in the body and prevent the consumption of foods which may be harmful. The calorie limitations aid in both health and weight loss as they encourage healthier foods lower in saturated fat. The South Beach diet thus proves to be an ideal tool when it comes to losing weight and staying healthy. Sources Cited: â€Å"2,000 Calories a Day the Easy Way† November 27, 2004 â€Å"Atkins vs. South Beach: How the Hottest Diets Measure Up† November 10, 2004 â€Å"South Beach Diet† November 28, 2004

Emily Dickinson and Her Social Seclusion Essay

Dickinson’s I Dwell in Possibility is one great example of how the poet transforms finite to infinite through the imaginative world of poetry. Through the use of metaphors, Dickinson has shown how domestic images such as house, chambers, roof, doors and windows can be extended to infinite imaginations in the poetic world. The â€Å"fairer House† (line 2) serves as a metaphor for poetry and the â€Å"Visitors† (line 9) who are the fairest may be a metaphor for the readers of poetry. The first four lines compare poem and prose by saying poem is more â€Å"superior† (line 4) as it has more â€Å"windows† and â€Å"doors†Ã¢â‚¬â€suggesting that poems are subject to more flexible interpretations. The second stanza talks of how this fairer house can be extended to nature such as â€Å"Cedars† (line 5) and â€Å"the Sky† (line 8). The final stanza reveals writing poems as the speaker’s â€Å"Occupation† (line 10). She opens the world of poetry by the â€Å"widening† of her â€Å"narrow hands†, which serves as a metaphor for the act of writing. Wide† and â€Å"narrow† form a pair of contrast while the repetition of fairness (fairer and fairest are used in the first and last stanza respectively) reiterates that poem is fairer than prose. Dickinson has portrayed the infinite possibilities of poetry through the use of domestic imagery: from the roof of the house to the infinite sky and from the finite hands to the â€Å"Paradise† of poetry. This echoes what Wordsworth claims, Poets choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as possible in a selection of language really used by imagination, and at the same time, to throw over them a certain coloring aspect; whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect. The loose syntax of the poem and the frequent use of dashes have added to the overall flexibility and the many ‘possibilities’ the poem has: I dwell in Possibility– A fairer House than Prose– More numerous of Windows– Superior–for Doors– Of Chambers as the Cedars– Impregnable of Eye– And for an Everlasting Roof The Gambrels of the Sky– Of Visitors–the fairest– For Occupation–This– The spreading wide my narrow Hands To gather Paradise– The myth of Dickinson’s isolation Interestingly, Dickinson’s seclusion from the society and physical â€Å"confinement† in a house is well-known (yet also often exaggerated), contrary to the free and liberal world that is depicted in her poem. The use of the first-person singular pronoun â€Å"I† without other personal pronouns such as you in I Dwell in Possibility also seems to suggest she had no intention of gaining readership for this poem. Most of her poems were also only discovered after her death in 1886 by her young sister Lavinia. Hence, it may imply that Dickinson could be writing just for her own pleasure. Nevertheless, it should also be noted that the extent of Dickinson’s seclusion may be exaggerated as staying in the household was a common practice for women in the 19th century. As a matter of fact, Dickinson was not deprived of social life. Her family was the pillar of the local community and their house was often used as a meeting place for distinguished visitors. According to Higginson, her mentor and literary critic, although Dickinson did feel awkward in some social situations, with her close friends and sisters she could easily indulge in innocent childlike humour. The fact that she wrote letters to her family, schoolmates and friends also shows she was not as socially secluded as it was claimed to be. Hence, her confinement in the domestic setting did not actually inhabit her from expressing her thoughts. In fact, it might have even helped her in surmounting her surroundings to achieve personal transcendence through poetry. The seemingly familiar household objects suddenly become unfamiliar under the magic of her â€Å"narrow hands†. Just like what most of the poets do, Dickinson had used some of the old and familiar terms in new ways such that readers (though not necessarily intended by Dickinson) inevitably have to take part in the active construction of meanings to interpret what each of the unfamiliar terms means. So why would critics exaggerate Dickinson’s seclusion? It has to do with their romantic fantasy of how a poet should look like — intelligent but arrogant, creative but reserved. It is the paradox that makes a poet a poet, the mystery that makes a poem appealing, even though they may not necessarily be realistic.

Stress level among nurses that work in ER department in Nigeria and their work life balance. The WritePass Journal

Stress level among nurses that work in ER department in Nigeria and their work life balance. Abstract Stress level among nurses that work in ER department in Nigeria and their work life balance. , p. 25), which leads to a disconnection from both work and home life. This can have serious consequences if not dealt with effectively, which is why more needs to be done to tackle workplace stresses. This is especially the case when it comes to emergency departments since nurses are under a lot more pressure in the job and are subjected to greater physical demands than other departments. Consequently, it is believed that â€Å"emergency departments should be screened regularly on job and organisational characteristics to identify determinants of stress-health outcomes that can be the target of preventive interventions† (Adriaenssens, 2011, p. 1). Essentially, it is therefore important that the stress level among nurses that work in Emergency departments in Nigeria are reduced and that a work-life balance is being attained by all nurses. Research Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives of this research are to determine the stress levels amongst Nigerian nurses in order to determine whether they are receiving a work-life balance. This will enable a determination to be made as to whether interventions are needed to reduce the stress levels and whether Nigerian nurses working in emergency departments are more prone to stress than those working in other departments. Consideration as to how these nurses cope with stress will also be established, followed by an assessment as to what improvements need to be made in order to prevent nurse shortage ensuing within the emergency department. Research Questions Is stress prevalent amongst nurses in general? What are the levels of stress nurses within emergency departments subjected to and how does this compare with other departments? Are nurses working within emergency departments in Nigeria more likely to suffer from stress than those working in other departments? How do nurses cope with stress? What is nurse burnout? How serious is nurse burnout and in what ways can it be tackled? Are poor working conditions one of the main factors causing stress? Do Nigerian nurses working in emergency departments have a work-life balance? What interventions are needed to reduce the stress levels of Nigerian nurses? Is stress likely to result in nurse shortage? Predictions The underlying objective of this study is to determine the effect stress has upon nurses in Nigerian emergency departments and to consider present stress levels, whilst also analysing the work-life balance of these nurses. H1. Stress levels amongst Nigerian nurses are increased in emergency departments. H2. Nurse burnout is one of the main causes of stress. H3. Poor working conditions ultimately lead to stress. H4. Stress is likely to result in nurse shortage. H5. Nurses within emergency departments are subjected to higher levels of stress than nurses working in other departments. H6. It is important that stress amongst nurses is being sufficiently tackled. H7. Improvements to the working conditions of nurses would allow a work-life balance to be achieved. Key Words Nigerian Nurses Stress Levels Burnout Nigerian Emergency Departments Working Conditions Work-Life Balance Intervention Methodology Design A quantitative research approach will be utilised for this assignment in order to develop theories and hypotheses pertinent to the observations being made about the stress levels of Nigerian nurses working in emergency departments. Measurement is one of the main aspects of quantitative research and for this reason it is important that definitive comparisons between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative connections are made throughout this study. Data collected under this type of research consists of any data in numerical form such as statistics. Furthermore, quantitative data will also be collected from the use of questionnaires by asking participants various questions that are relevant to the hypothesis. Numerical data will then be collected and statistically analysed to answer the question using the data received. It is hoped that the data collected will help to determine the correlation between stress and health in nurses that work in emergency departme nts, whilst also considering how nurses cope with their personal life and the effects stress has on their work-life balance. The data that is to be analysed will be collected from applicable text books, journal articles, online databases and governmental reports. These will consist of both primary and secondary resources which will ensure that a deeper understanding of the subject matter can be acquired, whilst also obtaining an overall assessment of the stress levels amongst Nigerian nurses in emergency departments. An objective and subjective approach will be employed in doing so, as this will ensure that divergent viewpoints are incorporated into the study which will enable a critical evaluation to be made. The collection of immediate data will thus allow a proper assessment to be made as to the impact stress has upon nurses and an overview as to what changes ought to be made will be provided. The secondary data will enable the current phenomena surrounding the stress levels of N igerian nurses to be analysed which will allow the requirements of the study to be satisfied. Although secondary data is considered to be less reliable than primary data, it is important that the study includes existing observations of the hypotheses. Participants Since it would be unrealistic to study every nurse working within an emergency department in Nigeria, it is essential that only a pool of participants is selected. Furthermore, whilst it must be ensured that this pool is small, because of the impracticalities that would arise from studying a large pool, it is important that the amount of nurses studied is sufficient enough for the research question to be answered appropriately. Accordingly, approximately 100 voluntary participants will be used for this study and will consist of nurses from a specialist governmental hospital in Nigeria namely; Gwagwalada clinic and maternity in Abuja. In considering whether this sample size is appropriate, a power and sample size estimation will need to be undertaken. Therefore, it will need to be assessed whether â€Å"there is the possibility of harmful effects from participating in the study† (Taylor and Kermode, 2006, p. 207). Consequently, it will need to be shown that the study will achie ve the desired outcome (power) and that the number of people participating will help to achieve this (sample size). In addition, the data being collected must be measurable on the same scale and the sample size must not be too high. This is because, unnecessary time and expense would otherwise be utilised which would be detrimental to the study overall. Here, the power and sample size estimation has been satisfied since the data is of the same scale and measurement and the sample size does appear reasonable. Materials A questionnaire will be used for this study in order to determine the personal effects in which stress has upon the participants. In doing so, the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) will be utilised so that the levels of anxiety and depression can easily be determined. The HADS was originally developed by Zigmond and Snaith (1983, pp. 361-370) and has been considered an effective way of measuring health (McDowell, 2006, p. 297) by looking at items on the questionnaire that relate to anxiety and depression. Once each item has been identified a score of 0-3 will then be given, which will allow a decision to be made as to the level of anxiety and depression that is prevalent amongst these nurses. The use of questionnaires is highly beneficial to this study as the impact in which stress has upon individual nurses in Nigeria will be more easily determined. In addition, the information that is gathered will be more applicable to the study and will help to address the concerns raised in the studies aims and objectives. Furthermore, the answers received will also be relevant to the hypotheses and a detailed account of the existing stress levels amongst nurses will be provided. Procedure Steps to be taken in the research process; Step 1: Determine the purpose of the research and identify the problem Step 2: Determine who the research project is aimed and review current literature surrounding the issue Step 3: Consider the requirements of the study and any limitations Step 4: Investigate the topic by gathering relevant information to be analysed Step 5: Consider what elements of the topic are the most important to the study Step 6: Define the population that is to be studied Step 7: Develop a data plan Step 8: Collect the applicable data Step 9: Analyse the data that has been collected Step 10: Compare the data collected with existing data in order to determine whether   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hypotheses has been answered Literature Review Summary Nurses generally deal with life threatening conditions in all emergency departments and so are often faced with medical dilemmas which need to be dealt with immediately. Consequently, it is thus unsurprising that the working conditions can become rather strenuous, which ultimately leads to nurse burnout (Masters, 2009, p. 320). As a result of this, it is vital that various measures are implemented in all emergency departments so that the stress levels of nurses can be reduced. This will prevent nurse burnout from taking place and a work-life balance will be more easily ascertained. Whilst nurses are trained to deal with the difficulties they may face, it is important that the health and safety of nurses is also being given due consideration because â€Å"chronic stress takes a toll when there are additional stress factors like home stress, conflict at work, inadequate staffing, poor teamwork and poor supervision† (Kane, 2009, p. 28). Therefore, in order to avoid nurse burnout, it is necessary that all of these factors are avoided from the outset, since this would otherwise lead to inadequate care being provided to patients. Hence, it is therefore imperative that nurses have a work-life balance since this guarantees optimum performance (Nursing Times, 2011, p. 1). In order for a work–life balance to be achieved, it is important to firstly identify the causes of stress. This will allow effective changes to be implemented, which will help to avoid nurse burnout from being instigated in the first place. Unless the problems surrounding stress are acknowledged by emergency departments, it will not be tackled effectively. Emergency departments within underdeveloped countries, such as Nigeria, do appear to have greater stress levels than those within developed countries. This illustrates how a lack of resources will ultimately lead to inadequate conditions for nurses and as put by (Lasebikan and Oyetunde, 2012, pp. 1-2); â€Å"A growing recognition of job stress leading to dissatisfaction among registered nurses in Nigerian hospitals has contributed to current problems with recruitment and retention of nurses.† In accordance with this, it is likely that stress within emergency departments will result in nurse shortages. This is because; nurses will not want to be subjected to stressful conditions, which is why the causes of stress need to be dealt with efficiently. Despite the awareness surrounding these issues, it is clear that nurse burnout does commonly occur throughout Nigeri an hospitals. As absurd as this may seem, it is evident that stress is being insufficiently dealt with. Consequently, various measures therefore need to be implemented in order to reduce the levels of stress that occur within Nigerian emergency departments, yet it remains to be seen what measures will in fact be implemented. Conclusion Overall, it is evident that stress levels are prevalent amongst nurses within Nigerian emergency departments, which is largely due to the added pressure that nurses within these departments are being subjected to. Regardless of this, it seems as though stress can in fact be reduced provided that the problems associated with stress are properly dealt with. Whether this will ever be attained is questionable since it seems as though there has been an awareness of this problem for some time, yet Nigerian hospitals have still failed to implement adequate measures dealing with nurse burnout. Essentially, it is important that something is done to reduce the stress that currently persists as this may ultimately lead to nurse shortages within emergency departments. This would substantially affect the care that is currently provided to Nigerians and the emergency departments would be significantly affected as a result. Data Analysis Subsequent to all of the relevant data being collected, it will then need to be analysed so that a determination can be made as to whether stress levels within Nigerian emergency departments are high. In doing so, however, the data will first need to be cleaned through the inspection of each source so that a decision can be made as to whether the data should be used for the study: â€Å"the quality of the research should be judged in relation to the resources available and the effectiveness with which those resources have been used to investigate the particular topic in question† (Denscombe, 2009, p. 53). Once a thorough investigation of the collected data has been made, it can then be determined what data is most applicable to this particular study. Ethics There are a number of ethical issues that will need to be addressed when undertaking this study since the fundamental issues surrounding this topic are extremely sensitive. As such, it is necessary to ensure that the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants of the study are maintained and that permission to use the data collected is first obtained (Dawson, 2009, p. 150). The ethical rules of conduct will also need to be conformed to, which means that any data collected must be used in a way that is â€Å"honest, unbiased, sincere, free from errors or negligence, open to critique and it must protect confidential communications† (Rensik, 2011, p. 1). This can be achieved by adopting a risk-analysis approach and by conforming to the BPS guidelines. A letter of introduction and an ethics checklist will also be completed and provided to the hospital in order to gain their consent to carry out the research. References Adriaenssens, J. (2011) AE Staff Need Regular Stress Screening, Nursing Times, [Online] Available: nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/accident-and-emergency/ae-staff-need-regular-stress-screening/5027021.article [13 January 2013]. Dawson, C. (2009) Introduction to Research Methods: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project, How to Books Ltd, 4th Edition. Denscombe, M. (2009) Ground Rules for Social Research: Guidelines for Good Practice. 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill International. Kane, P. P. (2009) Stress Causing Psychosomatic Illness Among Nurses, Indian Journal of Occupational Environment Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1. Lasebikan, V. O. and Oyetunde, M. O. (2012) Burnout among Nurses in a Nigerian General Hospital: Prevalence and Associated Factors, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, [Online] Available: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3350958/#B7 [14 January 2013]. Masters, K. (2009) Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice, Jones Bartlett Publishers, 2nd Edition. McDowell, I. (2006) Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires, Oxford University Press. Nursing Times. (2011) How’s Your Work-Life Balance? [Online] Available: nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/educators/hows-your-work-life-balance/5030453.article [14 January 2013]. Resnik, D. B. (2011) What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important?’ [Online] Available: niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ [14 January 2013]. Simmons, S. (2012) Striving for Work-Life Balance, American Journal of Nursing, vol. 112, no. 1. Taylor, B. and Kermode, S. (2006) Nursing Research 3e, Cengage Learning in Australia, 3rd Edition. Zigmond, A. S. and Snaith, R. P. (1983) The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 67, no. 6.

Practical Criticism of the Poem Futility by Wilfred Owen Essay Essay Example

Practical Criticism of the Poem Futility by Wilfred Owen Essay Essay Example Practical Criticism of the Poem Futility by Wilfred Owen Essay Paper Practical Criticism of the Poem Futility by Wilfred Owen Essay Paper The verse form begins with an order â€Å"move him into the sun† . The character seems to be despairing to travel person under the Sun. The 2nd line negotiations about the beginning of life when the beams of the Sun must hold touched the delicate organic structure of the individual as a babe. The undermentioned words â€Å"field unsown† refers to immatureness. uncomplete life or a half adult province. It acts as a metaphor on the rhythm of life. The character continues to talk about the regular behaviour of the individual. He seemed to hold been acquainted with the Sun and life every bit good â€Å"until this morning† The words act as symbols of contrasts. Whereas the forenoon and the Sun act as symbols of life. snow refers to decease and somberness. The last two lines of the first stanza refer to sun as an aged figure. It is important through the words â€Å"pld sun† . In the 2nd stanza. the persona negotiations about the strength of Sun. While the Sun on e time brought life to the cold waste Earth. it appears unacceptable to the character that the same Sun can non convey life in the lifeless immature soldier. The character directs the reader towards war and its effects. He tells the reader that the soldier is still warm. He feels helpless to see the wrecked province of a human being who bears no significance after his decease. He is sad at his status. The mention made to the Genesis and the creative activity of adult male from the clay can be seen in the 5th line of the 2nd stanza. He complains that was it for this twenty-four hours that the human being grew up holding been created by the Lord himself. The verse form is an epitaph sing its manner of building. A melancholy and acrimonious tone is being carried out. a individual. most likely a soldier is a immature chap lies in conflict field in a half dead status. The subjects such as the ferociousness of life and the pathetic effects of war can be observed through the lines. In a nu tshell the verse form appears an rational unfavorable judgment of war and its horrific effects.

History of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History of China - Essay Example Mao used an approach similar to that of Qin dynasty that is ruling with spreading fear and hatred against himself due to his policies and style. After his victory over Chiang Kai-shek in 1949 that was a communist leader, and the creating of the People's Republic of China, Mao's position was seen as very strong in China. Although Chinese people had endured a lot during this time, but it seemed not too hard for Mao to persuade them of his visionary force and practical need for the Great Leap Forward of the late 1950s and he was successful in doing so. Despite the deaths of millions he caused, Mao was both a creative thinker and a practical person. He learned as a youth not only how Shang Yang a previous Qin Dynasty leader brought cruel laws to the Chinese people. Mao also knew that the Qin rulers had been both hated and feared and that there dynasty was soon ended due to their actions, despite its strength of force and efficient use of terror. Finally Mao died in 1976 but left a mark o n the history of China. Mao had difficulty during his time to establish a successful domestic economic and social policy for China. In 1958, Mao placed a Great Leap Forward, which was mainly a trial to break with the Russian model of Communism and to fill the Chinese people with renewed radical energy. Approximately 20-30 million people died in the food crisis as the program badly failed, between the years 1958-61. Thus, Mao withdrew temporarily from public view. As the result of the failure, help from Soviet Union also ended which was another shock for China. The major cause of the failing of every strategy implied by Chairman Mao whether its socialism, capitalism, dictatorship or democracy was his way of ruling over the people. A solid proof is his continuous changing of the five-year plan. Chairman Mao is held in high regard in China and is often portrayed as a great revolutionary leader and a military and political genius. He led China through difficult times such as of the War of Resistance and the Ci vil War and changed China from a weak country into a major power through his social and economic reforms. However a number of the reforms put into action by Mao have been condemned and held responsible by critics from inside and across the borders of the territory of China to result in stern harm to the culture, economy, society, and foreign relations of the country on the whole. Mao launched the First Five Year Plan in 1953-58. It aimed to end Chinese reliance upon agriculture in order to become a world power. With assistance from USSR, new plants were set-up and agricultural production declined heavily and low enough from the point where the industrialization prospered enough that the country needed no further support from the USSR. The success of the First Five Year Plan gave confidence to Mao to instigate the Second Five Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward, in 1958, which turned out to be a major failure because of his tyranny. The opposition against him was so large and strong that he had to take some action, which he did in the form of massive killings. Another reason for the failing of all kinds of reforms implemented by Chairman Mao was the motive behind them. According to many writers this is proved that every five-year plan and every social or economic policy Chairman Mao implemented was to reduce the power of his opponents or was to eliminate them. During the Great Leap Fo

Ban driving of gasoline powered vehicles In U.S Essay

Ban driving of gasoline powered vehicles In U.S - Essay Example â€Å"To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy†, says President Obama. For the last forty years, the Presidents of the United States have many times called for a reduction in the dependence of the country to fossil fuels. The consumption patterns of fossil fuels have utterly failed to honor the fact that the fossil fuels happen to be a finite and non-renewable resource (Borowitz, 1999). Stronger efficiency standards and high tax rates on motor fuels are some of the ways in which, the government has embarked upon to reduce this dependency. Though resorting to high efficiency technologies may make the cars go a few extra miles per gallon, eventually there will come time when the oil wells will go dry and the contemporary civilization’s dependence on non-renewable energy resources will jeopardize its survival. The need for a burgeoning investment on the research and development of the alternative ways of powering the means of transportation is to a great extent being withheld by the fact that nothing much is being done to wean off people from the gasoline driven cars. It is said that the necessity is the mother of invention. Research for alternative fuels will receive a shot in the arm; the day concrete measures are taken to discourage people from driving gasoline powered cars.

The People Factor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The People Factor - Research Paper Example If there is some form of risk, there is some form of insurance that can act as a cover for the risk. In other words, risk can be converted into an equivalent form of insurance. In most cases, higher the risk, higher is the amount of return and the premium for insuring the risk. Risk arises as a result of uncertainty in various investment activities. Cost of investment and its benefits vary according to the varying levels of risk (Anderson & Brown, 2005). Ethical concerns in healthcare management The healthcare management sector is rising in importance in the economy of United States. A large range of ethical dimensions are currently arising in the US healthcare sector. The private healthcare sector is operating like any other organization in the private sector with their profit maximization objective (Zhou-Richter, 2009). However, healthcare is one of the basic rights of any individual. According to ethical principles, an individual is entitled to receive support and care for his or her healthcare issues. In this regard, the most daunting task is to make the rightful decision with respect to some ethical problem arising in healthcare sector. Insurance providers have to recognize the challenges and assess the seriousness of a given situation with confidence. Only when the challenges in dealing with healthcare problems are identified and understood fully, professional and management in this sector can cater sufficiently to the insurance needs of people (Labspace, 2013). The ethical implications refer to the issue of beneficence, justice and respect for the basic need of an individual irrespective of the class or income group that the person belongs to. These ethical values refer to the culture and values embedded in a society and its people and their... The functioning of the dual forces of demand and supply depends on the appropriate measurement of the extent to which the customer is prone to demand insurance owing to sickness. In the US, the broadest recommendation that has been made by President Barrack Obama is that insurance companies should bring the maximum possible number of customers under their policy. There is no substitute for this process since there is lack of sufficient amount of money to cover the actually sick people in the country. Therefore, the number of insured people would imply that companies would be able to earn higher amounts of money in the form of premium. This would allow the companies to run profitably even after paying out large sums of money for claims (Cheney & Haberkorn, 2013). Apart from this method, it is highly recommended that the companies develop a stringent medical screening process to judge the actual health condition of the customers before allowing them to purchase a particular plan. It is recommended that premium should be charged on a dual basis of income of the consumer as well as the level of sickness. Customers with higher annual income would be charged the higher premium than those with lower or marginal income. The problem of lemon arises in the market when there is information asymmetry between the consumers and the sellers. In this problem, both parties involved in transaction posses dissimilar levels of information regarding the same level of product or service regarding which the transaction is being made.

Inaugural speech Essay Example for Free

Inaugural speech Essay In the history of the United States, it has been a tradition that the President, makes an inaugural speech, when he begins his Presidential term. The first such inaugural speech was made by George Washington, on 30 April 1789. (Halsall Paul ). This essay makes an in-depth rhetorical analysis of one of the historic and important inaugural addresses- he one made by President John F. Kennedy, in 1961. He was he thirty-fifth President of The Unites States, and the youngest President to assume this prestigious office. He was the youngest president to die also. He graduated from Harvard University, and spent many years in the US navy. He was a very good writer also, and before assuming the Presidency, he was awarded the prestigious Pulitzer prize in history. ( John Kennedy) His education gave him the vision of a strong America striving for global peace, his naval background gave him the daunting spirit of challenging the enemy and his literal excellence helped in drafting an memorable inaugural speech in the history of the United States. His background is strongly reflected in his inaugural speech. This inaugural speech was delivered when world was at a very important juncture in its history. The dark clouds of the second world war had already vanished, the equations of power had changed, Germany and Japan were lying low, but USSR had risen to the level of a strong super power, always threatening the super power status of the USA. Great Britain, France, and China were as good as neutral not wanting to confront with either of the super powers. Both USA and USSR equated the power balance in such a way that neither can make an advancement. The rest of the world heavily relied on the aid of these to nations, to survive and sustain themselves. Globalization was an unheard word and each nation had its own independent economy. Markets of each nation were closed to foreigners. The cold war between the USA and the USSR for supremacy had just begun, when President John Kennedy made this address. In a narrow context this speech is intended for the Congress of the USA. However, in the broader context, President Kennedy wishes to address the Population of America, southern America in particular, because he takes the pain to make a special mention of them in his speech, and assures them justice and equality. The canvas of his speech is even larger, and crosses the boundaries of the United States. He seems to be addressing the entire population of this world. He cautions the strong nations to exercise restraint and assures help to he weaker ones to develop themselves. The government of the USSR is a special target of this speech. In a polite yet very stern and firm way, he extends an indirect warning to the USSR, to be cautious in their dealings with international affairs. President Kennedy intends to give three clear messages in his speech. One, he stresses on the freedom of every human being. He speaks of freedom not only at national level within the United States, but to all human beings. He clearly communicates his mind in one sentence, â€Å"And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe—the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God. † Undoubtedly, Kennedy firmly believes that freedom is a basic right of human being, not given by the state, but by God. In other words, all men are born free and no state has any right to deny this basic right to anyone. He shows his commitment to this freedom to the natives of southern states, which have experienced a past full of cruelty and brutality. The second point he makes is on the subject of peace and aid to the weaker nations. Both at national level and at international level. â€Å" To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support—to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective—to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak—and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run†, (John F. Kennedy ) he remarks on the subject of international peace and says that. â€Å" To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required—not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. † ( John F. Kennedy ). On the subject of helping the weaker countries. His third point is a proposal to the ‘adversaries’ of the USA, namely, USSR, to strive for mutual co- operation which can benefit both he nations and the entire humanity. â€Å"Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction. † ( John F. Kennedy ) He remarks. This speech has two important undercurrents. President Kennedy, though very polite, is fully confident. His confidence is evident from one sentence of his speech. â€Å"And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. † (John F. Kennedy). Second, while proposing mutual co-operation to the adversaries, he also indicates at some amount of suspicion towards their intentions. This is evident from the statement, â€Å"remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof â€Å". ( John F.Kennedy ). The structure of this speech is also very strong and has a natural flow. Beginning with the issue of freedom of Liberty and of all human beings, he switches over to the issue of helping the weaker sections of the American society and the poor nations of this world. He then makes a brief mention of the UN, and pledges American support in its endeavors. Quite surprisingly, a major portion of his speech is devoted to the issue of mutual co-operation between the two super powers. It is a clear indication of the importance Kennedy gave to this subject. But, the big question is, did this subject deserve that much of priority in the prevailing international scenario at that time? This should be a topic for historians to research into. He also reminds the citizens, with an authoritative tone, that they also need to fulfill their duties towards the nation. † From the linguistic point of view, this speech is just a master-piece of careful craftsmanship. It is not a very simple and a direct speech. The exterior gloss of politeness is filled with undercurrents of self-confidence and suspicion towards the attitudes and intentions of others. Figures of speech, namely repetition and metaphor are freely used throughout the speech, act as an ornament. One of his statements in this speech has become very famous, and will be remembered by all. This is, â€Å" And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country. † ( John F. Kennedy ) President Kennedy fully succeeds in communicating the three main messages which he intends to pass over. He succeeds because of his style. A style which has nothing new to say, yet everything is new. The word ‘peace’ has great force to attract masses of humanity, and Kennedy has used this word very effectively in his speech. His commitment to peace and self pride for his nation, were, perhaps the reasons for his immense popularity, not within America but around the world. So powerful is the impact of his speech, that it can be safely concluded that Kennedy delivered this address not as the President of USA but as an international leader, to an international community. References : 1. Halsall Paul, [July 1998], History of inaugural addresses, Retrieved on 29 Sept 07 from: http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/presidents-inaugurals. html 2. John Kennedy, The White House, Retrieved on 29 Sept 07 from: http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/presidents/jk35. html 3. Burton Grideon O. , Basic questions for rhetorical analysis, Brigham Young University, Retrieved on 29 September 2007 from: http://rhetoric. byu. edu/Pedagogy/Rhetorical%20Analysis%20heuristic. htm 4. John F. Kennedy, [ 20 February 1961] Inaugural address, Retrieved on 29 September 07 from: http://www. bartleby. com/124/pres56. html .

Essay --

During my 3 years at Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) as a Maintenance Planning engineer, I breathed planning and organizing. Working for a multi-billion dollar enterprise, I saw the effects of operational efficiencies on the balance sheet. This relevant exposure has shaped my decision to pursue a career in Industrial Engineering, a field that strives to increase productivity and efficiencies by systematic study and innovation. Working at HPCL’s 7.6MMTPA refinery, I was a part of the team that ensured that all units were maintained well to operate at optimal capacity, round the clock. I was responsible for preparing schedules and planning for the men, machinery and material for maintenance activities. It was in this role that I experienced firsthand, the need and applicability of scientifically managed and optimized processes in the industry. During an outage of the Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU), a faulty spare gasket had kept the start-up of the unit on hold. I was chosen to procure the replacement, for which I had to fly 500 miles on a moment's notice, having to manage the gasket as my luggage. This trip was satisfying, not just because it brought down the potential loss margins from $250,000 to $70,000, but because I learnt the importance of judicious planning in extenuating losses. After this, I led a 4 person team to catalogue and update equipment spare parts in a database. With lessons learnt during the previous outage, I compiled a checklist that leverages the database to streamline and double-check the material planning process, reducing the probability of a last-minute emergency. 28 months and 7 major unit shutdowns later, in January 2013, I was made team-lead for planning a revamp of a Crude h... ...nt of pursuing graduate studies is to enhance my existing knowledge and skills, so that I can realize my vision of unlocking the potential of process optimization in small and medium scale enterprises in nations with developing economies such as India. For now, though, my focus is on garnering specialized knowledge and skills and furthering my industry experience. UC-B is a college with professional expertise like no other. Being a part of the Graduate community at UC-B with their collaborative inter-cultural community will help develop my personality. The teaching approach at UC-B of encouraging by challenge is ideal for a passionate learner like me. With a hope that you will find the potent combination of talent and determination in me as something that will add value to the legacy of UC-B, I am looking forward to be a part of the esteemed UC-B graduate community.

A Conceptual Study on HR in Special Reference Essay

ABSTRACT In the present globalized era the environmental changes took place very frequently. So if an organization wants to compete in the cut throat competition they have to cope up with these changes. In the past several decades, technology has had a dramatic impact on human resource management (HRM) processes and practices. For example, technology, especially the World Wide Web, has helped modify many HR processes including human resource planning, recruitment, selection, performance management, work flow, and compensation. These new systems have enabled HR professionals to provide better service to all of their stakeholders (e.g. Customers, Shareholders, Suppliers, Government, Employees etc) and reduced the administrative burden in the field. Despite the widespread use of these systems, there has been a surprising dearth of theory and research on the topic. As a result, the purpose of this special issue is to (a) Human Resource Information System, (b) advance theory and research on human resource management systems (HRMS) and electronic human resource management (eHRM), and (c) Enhance the effectiveness of these systems in organizations. As a result, this article reviews the evolution of HRIS and provides a brief overview of the existing literature, and introduces the article in the special issue. â€Å"HRIS is a management system designed specifically to provide managers with information to make HR decisions.† In the present vast knowledge economy information is power. For efficient management of human assets, HR professional requires accurate and timely data on Recruitment & Selection, Training and Development, Human Resource Planning etc so the aim of paper is to present a conceptual knowledge of HRIS and to explore the impact of information system on HR performance. Key words:- HRM, HRIS, eHRM, HRMS, Stakeholders 1. INTRODUCTION Since the emergence of the internet throughout the world around 1995, many business functions have been transformed. After dealing with accounting, finance and marketing, many companies are shifted their attentions to find a better way of monitoring their Human Resource Management (HRM). Many companies are transforming their HRM functions from manual workflow to computerized workflow. Computers have made the tasks of analyzing the tremendous amount of human resource data into a simple task. Computer hardware, software and data base help organizations maintain and retrieve human resource better and simpler. According to Gara (2001) and Walker (1982), a Human Resource Information System (HRIS) will help organizations â€Å"keep an accurate, complete, updated data base that can be retrieve when needed from reports and manuals.† Then Tannenbaum (1990) defines an HRIS as a system that will acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, retrieve and distribute information about an organization’s human resources. Kavanagh et al. (1990) defined HRIS as â€Å"a system used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, retrieve and distribute information about an organization’s human resources. An HRIS is not simply computer hardware and associated HR-related software. Although an HRIS includes hardware and software, it also includes people, forms, policies and procedures and data†. HRIS is a key management tool which collects, maintain, analyses and reports information on people and jobs. It is a system because it integrates all the relevant data, which otherwise might have been lying in a fragmented and scattered way at various points ion the larger system; converts this data in to meaningful conclusions or information and makes it accessible to the persons, who need it for their decisions. It is a concept which utilizes the development of Information Technology for effective management of the HR functions and applications. HRIS helps organizations in managing all HR information. It helps in recoding and analyzing employees and organizational information and documents, such as employee handbook, emergency evacuation and safety procedures. The nature of HRIS varies among organizations in relation to their size. In small organizations, it tends to be informal whereas in large organizations, it is more formal and coordinated. Lengnick-Hall and Moritz prompt HRIS to be implemented at three different levels: †¢ The publishing of information †¢ The automation of transactions †¢ Transformation of HR into a strategic partner with the line business 2. HRIS – Why it is needed? †¢ Storing information and data for each individual employee. †¢ Providing a basis for planning, decision making, controlling and other human resource functions. †¢ Meeting daily transactional requirements such as marking absent and present and granting leave. †¢ Supplying data and submitting returns to government and other statutory agencies. †¢ Building organizational capabilities. †¢ Job design and organizational structure. †¢ Increasing size of workforce. †¢ Technological advances †¢ Computerized information system †¢ Changes in legal environment 3. COMPONENTS OF HRIS There are three major functional components of HRIS : †¢ Input function – It enters personnel information into the HRIS. Data entry in the past had been one way, but today, scanning technology permits scanning and storage of actual image of an original document, including signatures and handwritten notes. †¢ Maintenance function – It updates and adds new data to the database after data have been entered into the HRIS. †¢ Output function – It is the most visible function of HRIS. In order to generate valuable output for computer users, HRIS processes output, makes necessary calculations and formats the presentation. It should be noted that most important elements of HRIS are not the computers, rather, the information. So, the components of HRIS should support validity, reliability and utility of information. 4. HRIS APPLICATIONS AND UTILITIES Personnel administration – It will encompass information about each employee, such as name address, personal details etc. Salary administration – Salary review procedure are important function of HRM, a good HRIS system must be able to perform what if analysis and present the reports Of changes. Leave and absence recording — Essentially be able to provide comprehensive method of controlling leave/absences. Skill inventory – It is also used to store record of acquired skills and monitor the skill database both employee and organizational level. Performance appraisal — The system should record individual employee performance, appraisal data, such as due date of appraisal, scores etc. Human resource planning — HRIS should record details of the organizational requirements in terms of positions Recruitment — Record details of recruitment activities such as cost and method of recruitment and time to fill the position etc. Career planning – System must be able to provide with succession plans reports to identify which employee have been earmarked for which position. Collective bargaining — A computer terminal can be positioned in the conference room linked to database. This will expedite negotiations by readily providing up to date data based on facts and figures and not feelings and fictions. THE HRIS MODEL [pic] 5. CONTRIBUTE VALUES TO HR THROUGH HRIS: HRIS serves two major purposes in organizations: HR ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATIONAL ROLE: The first purpose of an HRIS is to improve the efficiency with which data on employees and HR activities is compiled. Many HR activities can be performed more efficiently and with less paperwork if automated. HR STRATEGIC ROLE: The second purpose of an HRIS is more strategic and related to HR planning. Having accessible data enables HR planning and managerial decision making to be based to a greater degree on information rather than relying on managerial perception and intuition. 6. HRIS IMPLEMENTATION: Implementing anything is part of project Management. Implementing HRIS in organization is a big activity which require support of many stakeholders such functional, HRIT S, IT Vendor and project manager. Implementation can be divided into given below parts. †¢ Need Analysis. †¢ Vendor Selection. †¢ Process Mapping and complete data gathering. †¢ Creation/Deployment of HRIS application in Test server. †¢ Testing by sample users. †¢ Pre-deployment training to users. †¢ Deployment of HRIS in production. †¢ Post Training and Support. †¢ Feedback. 7. BENEFITS OF HRIS When the administrative tasks and processes of any human resources department become overwhelmed, the most appropriate solution would be to implement the human resources information system. Common administrative functions that involve filling reports and completing paperwork take up a lot of time of the human resource department and this is where the HRIS comes in. Many businesses nowadays are now realizing the importance of HRIS and using the software to increase the efficiency of the whole company. The following are some of the major benefits of HRIS. a. Improves productivity The HRIS systems assist in enhancing both the productivity and workflow of the human resource department. This is because, all the data is usually collected and placed in a central database. This is very beneficial since data is going to be very easily retrieved from the database. b. Saves time Through reducing the total amount of time spent on the administrative functions, human resource employees are able to focus on other essential duties. For example, they can carry out other productive functions like creating presentations, training staff members, succession planning and recruiting since they have enough time due to the HRIS system. c. Improves communication with the employees HRIS creates a database that each employee has access to and thus you will be able to communicate better with your employees through the network. It also has email scheduling capabilities that make it very efficient in terms of assigning jobs to various employees in a very short period of time. d. Creates self-service options Due to the fact that all the relevant information concerning the company or business is placed in large database, the employees can be able to access useful information without having to spend a lot of time going from one office to the next. At the same time, it is very easy to update the information in the database for proper administration. The only disadvantage is that important data concerning your company might be stolen particularly nowadays where there is a great increase in cyber crime. 8. THE CHALLENGES OF INDUCING HRIS SOFTWARE INCLUDES: Selecting right HRIS vendor: The selection of software vendor is the most critical of all the decisions. A successful ERP vendor is not always the best provider of an HR solution. A vendor with experience of developing most of the solutions related to human resource, whether in the personnel or talent management domains or other processes associated with HR offers a better choice, and if such a vendor has the strength of utilizing latest technology & a vision to perceive the future needs of HR fraternity, he may rate the highest on the scale. Mere branding of the products does not necessarily mean quality, though it does carry a higher price tag. Moreover, a vendor providing complex solutions, for which special skills may be needed for initial data entry, maintenance & creation of management reports, need not be rated high. If HRIS software can not configure the existing workflows in an organization and wants the user to adapt to the Vendor HR processes, it is likely to be heavy both on training time & costs and may also gather resistance to its usage at the grass root level. A dedicated and customer oriented vendor will move a mile extra to map all client processes on his solution and indicate well in advance the extent of customization required. He may even introduce a set of best practices provided by his solution but leave their adoption to the client. A good HRIS vendor is conscious of the cost but always sells quality. Onus of responsibility – There is a misconception that introduction of HRIS can relieve HR Manager of all responsibilities. To large extent, HRIS can free up HR Manager from transactional tasks. However, it also brings with it a new set of responsibilities to ensure that the software is being used and implemented correctly. The onus of co-operating with the software vendor and ensuring successful deployment lies with the client HR manager. Over expectations – Due to overstress on the benefits of HRIS software, partially by the media and partially by the marketing departments of software vendors, organizations have developed larger-than-life expectations from the software solutions. When the solutions are unable to deliver these over-expectations, the clients tend to lose confidence in the vendors. The only way out is either pre-sales discussions or a clear statement of user expectations in the form of a Request for Proposal (RFP) document, to which the vendor responds as per the strengths of his solution, including the additional effort required for customization, if the same is technically feasible. Resistance to change – Employees at the client location are attitudinally inclined to use only the existing system. They enjoy the loopholes in the processes, moreso the inability of a manual system to track progress. Therefore, they offer great resistance to change, especially if the change calls for the acquisition of new skills by the employee. Their resistance to change leads to lack of enthusiasm and co-operation in successfully implementing software systems. The onus of responsibility for change management lies entirely with the client, but some vendors do offer HR consultancy as a supplement to their solutions. Training Requirements – HRIS software may have a completely new interface, large number of functions and specially configured workflows. It may demand users to exhibit some level of expertise in understanding the technology solution. When faced with the new software, user experiences anxiety and may display discomfort in using the system. Such discomfort can result in remaining ignorant of various features, thereby denying to yourself the benefit of full exploitation of the software. A good software vendor can resolve this issue by providing on the system training to key personnel and prepare them as torch bearers. He would also provide sufficient on-line help features to all the users. Configuration and Data transformation – Configuring software to an organization’s need and transferring data from existing database to new HRIS is another issue that needs to be handled carefully. The existing data may be either on paper or excel files or in some other form of database. Due to ignorance by employees at client location, the data may not enter the new system in the desired manner, thus obstructing the smooth and efficient functioning of the system, besides creating an inventory of bugs. Best solution to this malady is for the Vendor to obtain data from the client as per a standard template, validate it with a program and consider initial data entry as a service provided to the customer. Software Errors and Bugs – Bugs, error and opportunities for improvement are integral part of software. Expecting HR Software to be picture-perfect and without any errors/ omissions is unfair. These bugs need not scare people since these can be resolved through mutual co-operation between the vendor and client. Once settled, they do not reappear.However, if new bugs surface with higher levels of exploitation of the software, these should be taken as encouraging signals both by the client and the vendor. Work Flow Changes – When you install HRIS software, you also install some innovative globally accepted HR practices and workflows. If you have these practices for the first time, some of the members in your organization may not feel comfortable with the changes, especially the change of work flow. Such changes should be handled very carefully as they can have significant emotional impact on the team members. HR should be ready to award benefit of doubt to the members who suffer a negative impact due to these changes and allow ample time for the new workflows to set in. You need preference and commitment to introduce systems. Remember this if you are keen to implement HR software solutions. 9. CONCLUSION: HRIS has a very wide scope in developing countries. It is applied in personnel administration, salary administration, leave/absence recording, skill inventory, medical history, performance appraisal, training and development, HR Planning, recruitment, career planning, negotiation etc. It is very important for an organization to clearly identify its system requirements before implementing HRIS. This would enable to decide the appropriate level of sophistication of HRIS and would lead to optimal utilization of scarce resource. HRIS database should be used as a single source of all information. This would lead to the development of an integrated HRIS platform for the whole organization. In today’s corporate world human resources has come to play a very critical role. Whether it concerns the hiring and firing of employees or whether it concerns employee motivation, the Human Resources department of any organization now enjoys a very central role in not only formulating company policies. A complete HRIS links all human resources data from the time professionals enter pre- service training to when they leave the workforce. Continuous monitoring and evaluation is vital in determining what an HRIS is accomplishing, what needs to be improved and whether results are being achieved. In future, Human Resource Professionals will be more dependent on higher level and integrated HRIS approaches in order to support more complex as well as free forms of organizations. 10. REFERENCES: 1. Prof. Bhavsar C. Anil, â€Å" A conceptual paper on HRIS † vol.1,Issue.v/Nov.2011pp.1-4. 2. Gara,S.J.(2001). â€Å"How an HRIS can impact HR: a complete paradigm shift for the 21st century. Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) White Paper, Retrieved November 11, 2002, from http://www.shrm.org/whitepeper/documents/default.asp?page=63001.asp 3. Kovach, K.A., & Cathcart, C.E. (1999). â€Å"Human resource information systems: providing business with rapid data access, information exchange and strategic advantage.† Public Personnel Management, 28 (2), 275-282. 4. Tannenbaum, S. I. (1990). HRIS: user group implications. Journal of Systems Management, 41 (1), 27-32. 5. Walker, A. J. (1982). HRIS Development: A Project Team Guide to Building and Effective Personal Information System. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. 6. Lengnick-Hall, Mark L. and Moritz Steve (2003), â€Å"The Impact of e-HR on the Human Resource Management Function†, Journal of Labor Research. 24(3), pp. 365-379. BOOKS 1. Hilkka Poutanen, DEVELOPING THE ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP, Acta Univ. Oul. A 553, 2010, ISBN 978-951-42-6171-8 (Paperback). 2. Mohan Thite & Michael J. Kavanagh, Evolution of Human Resource Management and Human Resource Information Systems† The Role of Information Technology†, TMH. 3. Michael D. Bedell, Michael Canniff & Cheryl Wyrick, Systems Considerations in the Design of an HRIS â€Å"Planning for Implementation†, TMH